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Physics envy & visiting your doctor

These days if I am traveling to Washington I tend to either route via Chicago or fly to New York and then get the train down to The Nation's Capital. Since the Airtrain opened at JFK, with its connection via the Long Island Railway to Penn Street this routing has become very attractive. The journey time is comparable with a flight and far more comfortable than one of those small commuter planes that are so common on the East Coast. Generally it's cheaper than flying, especially if you take the regional train option which adds about 25 minutes to the Acela at half the cost.

My task on this journey was to complete a much overdue article on Naturalising Knowledge Management. It's going to take me until the weekend to complete it as I fell asleep on the flight but I am pleased with it so far. In the course of writing the introduction I wanted to set the scene for a savage and unprincipled attack on reasoned academic criticism of case based definitions of best practice. I remembered two great HBR articles that make the point well and decided to share them here by providing a quotation from the draft paper. The full references are at the end.

Paper Extract

It should be emphasised that this paper is not an attempt to draw a series of conclusions from interviews and case studies. Indeed it will argue the severe limitations of such approaches in general, but in knowledge management in particular. The confusion of correlation with causation represents a real issue for management science; indeed the whole issue of causation in social systems is problematic. Bennis & O’Tool(2005) attribute motivation by a not so subtle reference to physics envy which, while targeted at Business Schools, could equally well be applied to much of the social science. They accuse academics of writing increasingly obscure papers for increasing specialised audiences in order to achieve a pseudo comparison with colleagues in the the hard sciences. The extension of this pseudo-objectivity into the consultancy profession is endemic in the practice of knowledge management. The issue is well summarised in a delightful metaphor from Christensen & Raynor (2003) as follows:

Imagine going to your Doctor because you’re not feeling well. Before you’ve had a chance to describe your symptoms, the doctor writes out a prescription and says “take two of these three times and day, and call me in a week.”

“But – I haven’t told you what’s wrong,” you say. “How do I know this will help me?”

“Why wouldn’t it” says the doctor. “It worked for last two patients”

No competent doctors would ever practice medicine like this, nor would any sane patient accept it if they did. Yet professors and consultants routinely prescribe such generic advice, and managers routinely accept such therapy, in the naïve belief that if a particular course of action helped other companies to succeed, it ought to help theirs, too.

The metaphor represents a fundamental challenge to a case based, prescriptive approach using the benefits of hindsight (or retrospective coherence to use the appropriate CAS term). In particular it challenges one of the most common assumptions in knowledge management, namely that one of its purposes is to discover and disseminate best practice. One of the arguments in this paper is that avoidance of failure has had higher evolutionary value than imitation of success, and in consequence the human race is more inclined to learn from and distribute worst practice. Narrative forms of knowledge in all human traditions have developed story forms, in particular the use of archetypes, to distribute failure without attribution of blame. One of the best illustrations of this is the Sufi’s wise fool, the Mullah Nasrudin. (Shah 1985). Faced with personal failure, the approach is not to confess sin, but instead to create a Nasrudin story that will naturally spread the learning without traceability to source. One of the basic features of the naturalising approach to knowledge management is build on such natural human practices, rather than the more traditional content based approach to abstracting narrative into formal documents."

References

Bennis, W G & O’Tool, J (2005) “How Business Schools Lost Their Way” Harvard Business Review May 2005

Christensen, C & Raynor, M (2003) “Why Hard-Nosed Executives Should Care About Management Theory.” Harvard Business Review September 2003

Shah, Idries The exploits of the Incomparable Mulla Nasrudin & The subtleties of the Inimitable Mulla Nasrudindouble volume Octagon Press, London 1985

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Comments (9)

You keep on about the use of fictional stories to set examples for comparison to real situations, and every time I find it resonating a bit more.

A similar although probably well flogged example are Grimms fairy tales, which in their modern version are much tamer than pre-industrial copies. Those earlier versions were often used to scare the beejesus out of people, perhaps in the hope that they would not seek in the same directions.

Perhaps the modern versions are more conducive to drawing out empathy in listeners and so more popular, or maybe our fore bearers had hardier constitutions :).

Anyway, a good read, although it took me a few attempts to link the first block with the last. Cheers.

Hi, Dave,

Your posts on "worst practice" are fascinating. I've gotten very interested in this area and have done a bit of thinking about it.

A possibly similar idea to using archetypes is to use real stories from real people which have occurred well in the past. It seems that people can understand their mistakes (and have less emotional attachment to their failures) after time has passed. On many occasions, I've found, they are eager to share their past failings as a way to leave a legacy to others.

If those stories could be captured and assembled and indexed (and were numerous and varied enough), others who are facing similar situations can read/hear/view those stories, and learn the lessons in the same way the Sufi learn from the Mullah Nasrudin stories.

Regards,

John

Timing is everything ... Nick bontis (McMaster U. nbontis@mcmaster.ca) and Alxander Serenko (Lakehead U.) have launched a research project to examine, from a practitioner's perspective, managerial relevance of KM/IC academic works, awareness of academic works, how academic works are located and actually applied.

I think your comments in this post are highly relavent and on point.

I will be interested to see if they fall back to questionnaires and expert interviews as their research method. If they do I think it will have little value. Given that one (Bontis) comes from a reductionist background (IC measurement) I will hold judgment ....

Christopher Bellavita:

In Eugene Bardach's "A Practical Guide for Policy Analysis," he writes that, “"Rarely will you have any confidence that some helpful-looking practice is actually the ‘best’ among all those that are addressed to the same problem." He uses the term “smart practice (see archive.epinet.org/real_media/010111/materials/Bardach.pdf),” because the activity being studied has something worth analyzing that is applicable to a problem. He writes that "a practice is ... an expression of some underlying idea -- an idea about how the actions entailed by the practice work to solve a problem or achieve a goal."
I am increasingly persuaded by the utility of narrative, i have seen the smart practice concept free people from the idea they have to use cookie cutters. Or to use one of your metaphors from the other day, it helps them see what they need to do to become a chef.

In medicine, as well as in organizational "therapy" - a strange metaphor anyway - the placebo effect makes all attempts to really understand things even more difficult.
Check http://skepdic.com/placebo.html for details (skepdic.com - the whole site and journal: highly recommended).
In other words: if many people act as if they believe in the corporate rain dance - isn't this "a" reality - even if not the best of all possible ones?

Thanks for the reference Christian. I have always loved the Skeptics Directory. Of interest are the entries on NLP and Myers Briggs

Lorne D. Booker:

It sounds like the relevance of the research methods is an issue.

There *are* forms of research that embrace the narrative format. Most of these formats fall under the category of 'qualitative research.' This form of research can employ 'soft' data, interpretive approaches, bricolage and, non-linear logic. It can employ motifs, themes, distinctions, and ideas instead of variables. It employs different views of causality and explanation.

Qualitative research is used in social sciences and is growing in popularity. The diffculty is that there is a tension between the assumptions and logics of quantitative and qualitative research. It is a tension that is difficult to reconcile.

Ideally, cases and interviews should be qualitative, but they are often used in mixed methods research - research that employs both qualitative and quantitative approaches. It is easy to employ the method of cases and interviews while neglecting the underlying logic and approach of qualitative researc. Mixed method research requires the researcher to have the soul of an artist and the mind of a scientist - a very rare combination.

Do we need to see more qualitative approaches used in Knowledge Management research?

In the book "The Nature of Human Consciousness" edited by Robert Ornstein, Idries Shah says:

"unlike the parable, the meaning of the teaching story cannot be unravelled by ordinary intellectual methods alone. Its action is direct and certain, upon the innermost part of the human being, an action incapable of manifestation by means of emotional or intellectual apparatus...it connects with a part of the individual which cannot be reached by any other convention..."

he also says that:

"this work on the mind is correctly possible only in the living situation, when certain people are grouped together in a certain manner, and develop a certain form of rapport."

I have to agree that in my few years practicing cognitive edge methods I have found teaching stories, anecdote circles and other narrative techniques to be far more powerful than the sum of their parts.

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