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Confusing story telling with narrative

It was a real pleasure today to give the opening keynote at NDM8. (NDM= Naturalistic Decision Theory) I was there at the invitation of Gary Klein whose work I have long admired, and in addition to my keynote we had a joint paper with Chew Lock Pin of DSTA in Singapore. Luckily for all concerned I was also there in the right year. To my eternal chagrin I turned up in Monterey last year, to discover that I was a year early; min you there are worst places to be stuck for three days! The slides I used are here for those who are interested. Some good conversations afterwards but I was also deeply depressed by later discussion of a normative approach to story which I summarise and address below. I obviously failed to communicate fully the difference between narrative work, and that of story telling and the critique of story. The gap is immense and important, as is the difference between ordered and complex systems which it resembles. One deals with structure and certainty, the other with ambiguity and emergence of meaning.

Narrative work, in the sense that I presented it involves the mass capture of anecdotal fragmented material. The material is primary sense-making is self-indexed at the point of origin (for the method, there is a draft paper here). Meaning then emerges from the interaction of a reacher or questioner who encounters multiple fragments in the context of a visualisation or an ambiguous questions. The various fragments, the users own experience and the current context blend to create new knowledge. A story is not told, meaning is created.

An hour after I presented one of the chairs said he had looked up story telling the web and had discovered tools that allowed people to choose from a library of material and create a story, he thought this would be a good thing (I started to feel depressed). Then someone from the floor popped up to say that they would present a tool which allowed people to tell a story, got people to tell alternatives stories, challenge that material and then look for common elements and differences. I placed my head in my hands in despair.

In effect this is a form of story-telling within the tradition of scenario planning. If people tell a story, they construct a sequential account of history or a hypothesis about the future, they tell a story. They will start to own that story, it will represent their perspective on what is happening, it will be fundamentally influenced by their hopes and fears and the cultural patterns of the people they live and work with. The group is likely to norm their response to the story even when asked to challenge it, any challenge is limited. Its a known problem with Devils Advocates and Blue/Red teaming. The challenge takes place within the range of what is considered possible to the participants in the process. The more complete the stories, the more it is context bound to the limits of their imagination. Such approaches also entail massive cognitive bias, the patterns of past experience of the participants will determine the way in which they construct the scenario. Giving them libraries of material to place in the story is even more scary as it restricts what they use again. This type of approach came from the attempt to create formulaic approaches to screen writing which only works for B movies and sterile and formulaic soap operas. Its about replicated current knowledge, not discovering new knowledge.

Now don't get me wrong, story construction from raw material, scenario planning even some (but only some) of the normative recipe based approaches to story telling have a useful role to play. But its not the domains of weak signal detection, inter-agency collaboration or knowledge management. Its not going to work to detect flaws in plans either (other than the most obvious) or to see things from other perspectives (again key to strategy). I used another example in the presentation that might help understanding here. The US Army lessons learnt centre has developed some brilliant approaches to knowledge capture. Fragmented material is gathered in the field under fire. The problem is that the material is then analysed to create story like doctrine, or categorised linked to explicit lessons. This does not relate to the way we have evolved to handle this material. What we really want is direct access to the original raw narrative material so that we can blend it with our current situation to create contextual and dynamic learning.

What surprised me (and I know it shouldn't) is the ease with which people slip back into normative, linear and structured models. Not everyone by any means and many people understood the point. The NDM movement with its understanding of the pattern basis of human decision making should be naturals for understanding the inherent non-causality of complex human systems and the need for meaning to be emergent, not structured. To reduce this to story telling, supported by content based libraries is dangerous. Making something new and exciting (the use of narrative) into something that has had its originality removed in order to make it more familiar, to give the appearance of control and structure when such an approach is the antithesis of the tools we need in an uncertain and changing world.

Comments (9)

Alex:

Hi Dave,

For me, this is really a cornerstone post. Thanks.

could be worse: they might feed the anecdotes to http://www.jabberwacky.com/ , from the output create training slides shows using Powerpoint's AutoContent Wizard, store them in a content management system and give people continued education microunits for each and every slide they watch. And the top consumer wins an iPod.

Thanks Dave. I've written a short appreciation with a link to your piece.

You say, in remarkable language, something like I think I'd say myself.

Mark:

Has this approach developed from the OS methods on your site for narrative capture/analysis, even story-crafting (fables).

In reading the methods and articles, I guess I didn't see the value/importance placed on complexity in attempting any capture/re-use or analysis. Maybe I haven't read all the right ones.

Is this a complementary approach with different goals - sense-making/re-use rather than cultural analysis/change, or another track altogether?

Thanks for the post Mark. The only story crafting method we have (Fable construction) is based on complexity, in that templates and the process of telling and retelling are used to create contextual stories. At no stage do we offer those as a recipe, ie the outcome can be influenced but not directed.

The "brambles in a thicket" article has some of the more academic theory behind the use of stories. The paper on pre-hypothesis research also illustrates some of the approaches to discovering anecdotes and allowing sense-making to take place by serendipitous encounter with that material.

Scenario planning and linear story telling do, in my opinion, have some value but not in the context of discovery, research and most knowledge sharing.

I agree with those two participants. It works. It achieves its goal: employees come up with a piece of text. It is very important for people who were never able to put two pages together. They feel they achieve something.

I agree with you, Dave, it is not KM and it is not creative, and it does not make any organizational change. Telling a story involves much more: people should have read in the past, employees should have enjoyed a piece of theater before, employees should have written something since they were kids. They should have learned to use their imagination, and they should be aware about their organization and think broad.

I, as CKO, am working very close to Communications Department. They walk around gathering stories, but at the same time, they teach people how to create stories. I have now a journalist who is taking an on-line course on KM; she is making a difference in the organization.

Manuel.

The reason for the confusion is simple: narrative and story-telling are terms often used interchangeable in every day usage.

I would like to suggest what you describe is nearer to the terminology and the practice of writing history.

Your narrative -- "the mass capture of anecdotal fragmented material" -- is similar to the historians initial assembly of primary source material, letters, diaries, official records, etc.

Your story-telling -- "construct a sequential account of history or a hypothesis about the future" -- are the written histories, based on interpreting what "emerges from the interaction of a reacher or questioner".

I can only suggest you attempt to shave thin slivers of meaning from almost synonmous terms because those terms are buzz words of the now and you want to use them.

Your descriptions of the concepts are useful, apt and interesting. The confusion I fell arises because you are attempting to reshape well-known terms to be what you want them to be.

Not so sure Nick. Narrative in common use is a broad term, while story telling means what it says "to tell a story". Work in narrative capture is therefore nothing to do with telling a story so I hardly see it as a thin sliver of meaning. Your history analogy is useful but it misses two key points on mass narrative capture (i) the people who create the raw material are the people wh index it for meaning and (ii) the interpretation is done not by assembling that material to be in a story.

I am afraid I do not take kindly to your last two paragraphs. This is a field which is danger of being trivialised from narrative (a borad field) to story telling (a narrow one). I am concerned about that and will continue to emphasize it. THis is, if anything anti buzz word. I do not think I am shaping well know terms ot my own purpose. However we are now at the stage where we need to avoid confusions. Story Telling and narrative is one such confusion

matet:

A great help in my report..
thanks!

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